|
Anatoly Tikhonovich Marchenko ((ロシア語:Анато́лий Ти́хонович Ма́рченко), 23 January 1938, Barabinsk – 8 December 1986, Chistopol) was a Soviet dissident, author, and human rights campaigner. He became one of the first two recipients (along with Nelson Mandela) of the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought of the European Parliament when posthumously awarded in 1988. He was initially a worker on a drilling gang, and was not of intellectual background or upbringing.〔, pg. 25〕 He became radicalized, and later turned to writing and politics, as a result of several periods of incarceration, starting in 1958; during his time in the labour camps and prisons he had studied, and began to associate with dissidents.〔, pg. 17〕 He first became widely known through his book ''My Testimony'', an autobiographical account of his then-recent sentence in Soviet labour camps and prison, which he decided to write after his arrival in Moscow in late 1966 after his second term of incarceration.〔, pg. 5〕 It caused a sensation when it was released in the West in 1969, after limited circulation inside the Soviet Union as ''samizdat''. It brought home to readers around the world, including the USSR itself, that the Soviet ''gulag'' had not ended with Joseph Stalin. In 1968, in the run-up to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, he wrote an open letter predicting such an invasion, and was soon arrested again. He was released in the early 1970s for a short period of time, but was interrogated in 1974 and exiled to Irkutsk Oblast the year after. This did not silence him: in 1976 he was one of the founding members of the Moscow Helsinki Group. He was again arrested and imprisoned in 1981, and kept writing throughout his prison time, publicizing the fate of Soviet political prisoners.〔 Having been imprisoned for several different terms, he spent about 20 years in all in prison and internal exile,〔"To Live Like Everyone", pg. vi〕 becoming one of the Soviet Union's "perpetual prisoner()".〔 Nathan Shcharansky said of him: "After the release of Yuri Feodorovich Orlov, he was definitely the number one Soviet prisoner of conscience." He died in Chistopol prison hospital during his last incarceration, at the age of 48, as a result of a three-month-long hunger strike he was conducting, the goal of which was the release of all Soviet prisoners of conscience.〔"To Live Like Everyone", pg. 219〕 The widespread international outcry over his death was a major factor in finally pushing then-General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to authorize the large-scale release of political prisoners in 1987. == Detailed biography == Marchenko was born in Barabinsk, in Western Siberia, in 1938. His parents were illiterate railway workers (his father, Tikon Akhimovich, was a locomotive fireman, and his mother was a station cleaner).〔 His grandfather was a peasant, who had been shot by Kolchak. He had two brothers, one of whom died very young. He left school after only 8 years, two short of the normal full secondary education. He then joined the Komsomol, and became a shift foreman on a drilling gang, which travelled around Siberia. On a job at the Karaganda power station in 1958 he ran into trouble which resulted in his first period of imprisonment: some exiled Chechens began a fight with some of the Russian workers in the hostel where Marchenko was staying, and he tried to break up the fight.〔"To Live Like Everyone", pg. 217〕 After the fight was over, and most of the combatants had left, "the police indiscriminately arrested the innocent and the guilty"; they were all sent to the Karaganda labour camps after a perfunctory trial. 〔"My Testimony", pg. 13, pg. 25〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anatoly Marchenko」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|